Neuron-derived extracellular vesicles (NDEVs) represent a novel, minimally invasive biomarker platform to assess CNS insulin signaling activity in clinical cohorts.
PPAR agonist pioglitazone induces broad activation of key metabolic proteins (GSK3, mTOR, RPS6) within the Akt-mTOR pathway in patients with unremitted depression.
GLP1 receptor agonist liraglutide enhances CNS insulin signaling evidenced by increased phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR in middle-aged adults at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
These CNS biomarker changes appear at least partially independent of peripheral insulin and glucose metabolism, suggesting direct central effects.
