Introduction
Effective glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes requires precise insulin management to reduce the risks of both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia. Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, have emerged as adjunctive therapies that lower blood glucose through insulin-independent renal glucose excretion. Despite demonstrated benefits including improved postprandial glucose levels, blood pressure reduction, and weight loss, their use is tempered by an increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The interplay of hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, and somatostatin is critical in glucose homeostasis and ketogenesis; however, the impact of dapagliflozin on these hormones in type 1 diabetes remains unclear.
