Highlight
- Increasing pharmacist-to-patient ratios in ICUs is associated with higher in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults.
- Absence of pharmacist-delivered comprehensive medication management (CMM) for even one day in the ICU increases mortality risk by 20%.
- Optimal staffing with a pharmacist-to-patient ratio below 1:15 may improve ICU outcomes and reduce mortality.
- Multicenter data from diverse regions (US, Jordan, Saudi Arabia) reinforce the global relevance of pharmacist integration in critical care teams.
