Introduction
Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory condition affecting the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses, with significant clinical and economic burden worldwide. Despite its common occurrence, understanding the heterogeneity of CRS, especially regarding gender-based differences, remains limited. The disease manifests mainly as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), each with distinct pathophysiological and inflammatory profiles.
Recent research highlights the influence of sex hormones on immune responses, which could modulate manifestations of CRS. Estrogen and testosterone are known to exert inflammation-modulating effects, suggesting that biological sex may be a critical factor in disease presentation, diagnosis, and biomarker profiles. However, comprehensive studies directly analyzing these differences in large populations are sparse.
