Highlights
- Sex disparities in cancer incidence are evident globally, with males at higher risk than females.
- Modifiable lifestyle factors such as smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and obesity largely explain this disparity in some populations, notably in China.
- Differences in attributable risk proportions between Chinese and UK cohorts underscore the need for population-specific prevention strategies.
- Emerging evidence from meta-analyses supports the roles of diabetes, chronic diseases, oral health, and autoimmune conditions as modifiers of cancer risk differing by sex.
Specialty calculators
For clinical reference; use professional judgment.
