Markerless surface topography (ST) estimates forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC ratio with high reliability comparable to standard spirometry in healthy volunteers.
ST exhibits strong correlation with spirometry outputs (Pearson R > 0.93), indicating potential for non-contact pulmonary function assessment.
ST overcomes limitations of spirometry such as dependence on mouthpiece seal, infection control constraints, and patient cooperation, especially benefiting pediatric and neurologically impaired populations.
Universal linear correction models generalize well across individuals, supporting broad clinical application of ST without subject-specific calibration.
