Primary hypertension is shaped by complex interactions between renal and nonrenal factors, including genetics, epigenetics, vascular biology, immune responses, and environmental exposures.
The classic kidney-centered model, focused on sodium regulation and pressure-natriuresis, remains important but is insufficient to explain the full spectrum of hypertension pathogenesis.
Integrative models are needed for effective prevention, diagnosis, and management of hypertension in diverse populations.
