Highlight
- Perioperative toripalimab combined with chemotherapy significantly reduces surgery cancellation rates in patients with stage III resectable NSCLC.
- Improved tumor and lymph node downstaging rates with toripalimab are strongly associated with enhanced event-free survival (EFS).
- Perioperative toripalimab does not increase surgical complications, demonstrating safety comparable to chemotherapy alone.
- Findings support integrating immune checkpoint inhibitors into multimodal treatment for locally advanced NSCLC to optimize surgical and long-term outcomes.
Study Background
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with stage III disease presenting a particularly challenging therapeutic landscape. Despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, relapse rates remain high and overall prognosis for stage III resectable NSCLC patients is suboptimal. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) axis has revolutionized treatment paradigms, particularly in advanced and metastatic settings.
Recent evidence suggests that perioperative immunotherapy—administered before and after surgery—can induce tumor regression and enhance immune-mediated tumor control, potentially translating into improved surgical resectability and survival outcomes. However, the impact of combining ICIs such as toripalimab with standard platinum-based chemotherapy on surgical feasibility, perioperative safety, and long-term outcomes in stage III NSCLC requires rigorous evaluation.
Study Design
The Neotorch study was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted across 50 centers in China. Patients eligible for enrollment had histologically confirmed resectable stage IIIA or IIIB NSCLC. A total of 404 participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either toripalimab (240 mg) plus platinum-based chemotherapy or placebo plus platinum-based chemotherapy.
Treatment consisted of three cycles before surgery, one cycle post-surgery, followed by maintenance therapy with toripalimab or placebo for 13 cycles. The primary intervention strategy aimed to evaluate perioperative administration effects rather than neoadjuvant or adjuvant administration alone.
The post hoc analysis focused on surgical outcomes, including rates of surgery cancellation, minimally invasive surgery, complete R0 resection, lobectomy, perioperative complications, and pathological downstaging of tumor and lymph nodes. Event-free survival (EFS) associations with these surgical parameters were also examined over a median follow-up of approximately 18 months.
Key Findings
Among the 404 enrolled patients, 314 underwent surgery (166 in the toripalimab group and 148 in placebo). The toripalimab group demonstrated a significantly lower cancellation rate for surgery (17.8% vs. 26.7%, P = .03), indicating enhanced feasibility of surgical intervention when immunotherapy was incorporated.
Surgical characteristics such as minimally invasive approach, R0 resection rates, and lobectomy proportions were slightly more frequent in the toripalimab arm, although differences were not statistically emphasized. Crucially, rates of perioperative complications were comparable between the two groups, confirming that toripalimab did not increase surgical morbidity.
Pathological analysis revealed marked improvements in tumor downstaging (80.7% vs. 50.7%, P < .001) and lymph node downstaging (67.5% vs. 48.6%, P = .001) within the toripalimab cohort relative to chemotherapy alone. This downstaging reflects a more profound tumor response, likely mediated by immunotherapy-induced antitumor immune mechanisms.
Survival analysis demonstrated superior EFS in the toripalimab group compared to placebo. Patients achieving tumor or lymph node downstaging in the toripalimab arm had notably improved median EFS (not estimable) relative to those without downstaging (17.5 months for tumor and 19.2 months for nodal non-downstaging groups, both statistically significant). Moreover, downstaging conferred greater survival benefit in the immunotherapy group compared with similarly downstaged patients receiving placebo, suggesting an additive or synergistic effect of toripalimab beyond chemotherapy-induced tumor regression.
Expert Commentary
The Neotorch trial provides pivotal evidence that integrating toripalimab—a PD-1 inhibitor—into perioperative chemotherapy regimens for stage III NSCLC can safely improve surgical outcomes and enhance oncologic efficacy. The reduction in surgery cancellation rates may reflect improved disease control and patient fitness, thereby enabling more patients to proceed to curative-intent resection.
The significantly higher rates of tumor and lymph node downstaging in the toripalimab arm emphasize the potential of immunotherapy to modulate the tumor microenvironment and elicit cellular antitumor immunity, which is critical for long-term control.
Comparable perioperative morbidity between groups alleviates concerns regarding added toxicity or impaired healing, a key consideration when augmenting neoadjuvant treatments.
While the study is robustly designed, the focus on stage III resectable disease and predominance of male patients (90%) in a Chinese population may impact generalizability. Further studies evaluating diverse patient demographics and longer follow-up for overall survival are warranted.
Conclusion
This post hoc analysis reinforces the therapeutic value of perioperative toripalimab plus chemotherapy in patients with resectable stage III NSCLC by enhancing tumor downstaging, reducing surgical cancellations, and improving event-free survival—all without additional perioperative risks. These findings support the integration of immune checkpoint inhibitors into multidisciplinary treatment strategies, potentially redefining standards of care in locally advanced NSCLC.
Ongoing research should focus on identifying predictive biomarkers to optimize patient selection and further elucidate the immunologic mechanisms underlying improved surgical and survival outcomes.
Funding and Trial Registration
The Neotorch trial was sponsored and conducted at 50 centers across China, registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04158440). No new safety signals were reported during the study period.
References
1. Fang W, Wang Y, Wang W, et al. Surgical Outcomes of Perioperative Toripalimab in Stage III Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Post Hoc Analysis of the Neotorch Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2026; PubMed PMID: 42455561.
2. NSCLC Perioperative Immunotherapy: Update on Emerging Clinical Evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2025;43(2):123-134.
3. Antonia SJ, Villegas A, Daniel D, et al. Overall Survival with Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2342-2350.
4. Gandhi L, Rodriguez-Abreu D, Gadgeel S, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Metastatic NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(22):2078-2092.
