Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) risk is non-linearly related to ambient temperature, with extreme cold and heatwaves posing distinct threats.
Hemodynamic profiles dictate susceptibility: hypertensive ADHF is triggered by cold, whereas low-blood-pressure phenotypes are more sensitive to extreme heat.
The elderly population (≥70 years) remains the most vulnerable demographic, with cold-related risk appearing immediately on the day of exposure (lag 0).
Multi-country data identify heart failure as the cardiovascular condition most sensitive to thermal stress compared to stroke or myocardial infarction.
