Intraoperative use of patient-specific 3D-printed temporal bone models significantly reduces cognitive load for attending surgeons during cochlear implantation.
Trainee surgeons experience increased cognitive and physical fatigue when using 3D models intraoperatively, indicating a divergent impact based on surgical experience.
Fellows perceive reduced case complexity but report higher physical fatigue, suggesting an intermediate effect of 3D models on cognitive and physical demands.
3D-printed models are highly valued for educational purposes and for anticipating surgical challenges and anatomical boundaries.
