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Preoperative Anaemia Is Common and Multifactorial: Iron Deficiency Dominates but B12 and Folate Shortfalls Matter
The ALICE international cohort found 31.7% prevalence of preoperative anaemia in major surgery patients; iron deficiency accounted for 55% of confirmed causes, with notable contributions from vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. Broader preoperative testing and tailored management are needed.