Impact of Maternal Trace Element Levels on Neonatal Growth Among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Pregnancies

Impact of Maternal Trace Element Levels on Neonatal Growth Among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Pregnancies

A case–control study reveals that elevated copper levels in diabetic pregnant women negatively affect newborn weight and head circumference, while chromium correlates positively with birth length. Smoking exposure adversely impacts infants’ weight, underscoring maternal trace element status and lifestyle as key determinants of neonatal outcomes.