Background
Epilepsy in childhood presents distinct challenges given its potential impact on cognitive development, psychological well-being, and social functioning. In the UK, prevalence rates illustrate a substantial burden: approximately 1 in 1000 children aged 0–4 years have epilepsy, while 1 in 200 of those aged 5–19 years are affected. Conventional antiepileptic pharmacotherapy remains central, yet adjunctive strategies—particularly service delivery innovations and behavioural therapies—are increasingly sought to improve both seizure control and quality of life.
Study Design
This Cochrane systematic review synthesised randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs evaluating service delivery, behavioural, and self-management interventions for children aged 18 years or under with epilepsy. Eligible interventions targeted either the children themselves, their parents/carers, or both. Primary outcome was seizure control (frequency or seizure freedom), while secondary outcomes included seizure severity, overall quality of life (QoL), psychological health parameters, medication usage, general health, social functioning, and adverse effects. Outcomes were classified as short-term (≤ six months) or long-term (> six months). Rigorous study selection, data extraction, and bias assessment were performed by multiple reviewers, and certainty of evidence was graded using GRADE.
Key Findings
Six studies (n=468 participants) met inclusion criteria: four behavioural studies (three psycho-behavioural, one mind–body) and two service delivery studies. No eligible self-management interventions were identified.
Psycho-behavioural Interventions
One study of systemic family therapy (104 participants) demonstrated a modest reduction in monthly seizure frequency at three months compared to usual care (mean difference [MD] –1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] –3.84 to –0.12; low-certainty evidence). The two other behavioural RCTs (n=94) reported seizure frequency outcomes descriptively at various intervals, without clear statistical benefit. A manual-based psychosocial group intervention yielded minimal QoL change at three months (Pediatric QoL Inventory: MD –1.40; 95% CI –8.21 to 5.41, very low-certainty; Glasgow Epilepsy Outcome Scale: MD –0.33; 95% CI –5.68 to 5.02).
Mind–Body Intervention
Yoga was evaluated in one small RCT (n=20). Findings suggested uncertainty regarding improved seizure freedom at three months (MD 1.62; 95% CI 0.97 to 2.69; low-certainty). QoL was not assessed.
Service Delivery Interventions
A clinical pharmacist-led education programme for carers (n=71) failed to demonstrate conclusive benefits in seizure control or child QoL (seizure freedom MD 1.32; 95% CI 0.86 to 2.00; very low-certainty; caregiver-assessed QoL improvement MD 10.46; 95% CI 1.82 to 19.10, very low-certainty). A WeChat-based remote follow-up programme (n=162) measured anxiety and depression but did not evaluate seizure control or overall QoL.
Safety
Notably, no adverse events were reported in any of the included studies, although sample sizes and follow-up durations were limited.
Expert Commentary
The reviewed evidence highlights several limitations: small sample sizes, heterogeneity in interventions and outcomes, and generally high risks of performance and detection bias. The absence of self-management intervention trials is a significant gap, given the importance of patient empowerment in chronic disease management. Outcome measures varied considerably, making cross-study comparisons and meta-analysis impossible. The predominance of short-term follow-up further constrains our understanding of sustained intervention efficacy.
Clinically, the low to very low certainty of evidence should temper enthusiasm for these strategies until more robust data are available. Systemic family therapy shows modest promise in short-term seizure reduction, but conclusions are tentative. The potential role of mind–body practices such as yoga remains underexplored, and remote service delivery innovations may improve accessibility but require better patient-centred outcome data.
Conclusion
Current research on behavioural and service delivery interventions for children with epilepsy is insufficient to guide firm clinical recommendations. The limited but suggestive benefits observed warrant further exploration via well-powered, methodologically rigorous RCTs with standardised, clinically relevant outcome sets. Future trials should integrate both short- and long-term endpoints, include patient-reported outcomes, and strive for blinding where practical. Establishing a core outcome set for paediatric epilepsy will be vital to harmonise future research.
Funding and Trial Registration
The Cochrane review did not report specific funding sources for the included studies. Clinical trial identifiers were not listed. Given the methodological limitations, future research transparency, including preregistration and clear reporting, will be critical.
References
Fleeman N, Mayer J, Huang Y, Nevitt SJ, Panebianco M, Hill RA, Doherty AJ, Wilson N, Boland P, Clegg AJ, Bilsborough H, Williams EJ, Shaw EJ, Maden M, Kelly R, Marson AG. Service delivery, behavioural, and self-management interventions for children with epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Oct 22;10(10):CD015287. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015287.pub2. PMID: 41123096; PMCID: PMC12542328.
