Highlight
– The FDA approved trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd; Enhertu) plus pertuzumab for first-line treatment of unresectable or metastatic HER2‑positive breast cancer based on the DESTINY‑Breast09 (DB09) randomized trial.
– In an interim analysis, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 40.7 months with T-DXd/pertuzumab versus 26.9 months with standard taxane plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab (THP) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56).
– Important safety signals include myelosuppression and interstitial lung disease (ILD)/pneumonitis; maintenance treatment strategies and long-term tolerability with T-DXd remain open clinical questions.
Background: Clinical context and unmet need
HER2‑positive breast cancer constitutes approximately 15–20% of breast cancers and has been a paradigm for targeted therapy since trastuzumab’s introduction. For patients with unresectable or metastatic disease, combination regimens that include dual HER2 blockade (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) plus a taxane (THP) have been standard first-line therapy for many years, improving response rates and survival. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that delivers a topoisomerase I inhibitor payload selectively to HER2‑expressing cancer cells, demonstrated striking activity in previously treated disease and was approved for later lines. The DESTINY‑Breast09 trial tested whether T-DXd (with or without pertuzumab) could replace taxane-based chemotherapy as part of first-line HER2 targeting and thus address the unmet need for more effective, potentially less chemotherapy-intensive first-line regimens.
Study design: DESTINY‑Breast09 (DB09)
DESTINY‑Breast09 is a randomized, phase 3 trial that enrolled 1,157 patients with unresectable or metastatic HER2‑positive breast cancer as determined by an FDA‑approved test. Participants were randomized 1:1:1 to receive T-DXd plus pertuzumab, T-DXd monotherapy, or the standard-of-care comparator THP (taxane chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab). The trial included key stratification factors consistent with prior HER2 trials (e.g., hormone‑receptor status, visceral disease). The primary endpoint for the interim analysis reported publicly was progression‑free survival (PFS); overall survival (OS) data were immature at that time. Two companion diagnostic assays, Roche’s PATHWAY anti‑HER‑2/neu (4B5) IHC and VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH, were cleared as companion tests to identify eligible patients.
Key findings
Interim efficacy results were compelling. Median PFS in the T-DXd/pertuzumab arm was 40.7 months versus 26.9 months in the THP arm, corresponding to an HR of 0.56 — a 44% relative reduction in the risk of progression or death. This magnitude of PFS benefit is large compared with prior first‑line trials in HER2‑positive metastatic disease and led to regulatory approval. The T-DXd monotherapy arm remained blinded at the time of the interim readout; OS results were immature.
Clinical interpretation of efficacy
From a practical standpoint, the PFS improvement suggests that an ADC‑based, chemotherapy‑sparing approach can produce durable disease control in a substantial proportion of patients. If OS data ultimately confirm a survival advantage, T-DXd/pertuzumab will likely supplant THP as the new standard first‑line regimen for eligible patients. Even in the absence of a mature OS signal, the size of the PFS effect and previous ADC data in HER2‑positive disease provide a strong rationale for practice change.
Safety and tolerability
Safety findings in the DESTINY‑Breast09 interim analysis are important for clinical decision‑making. In the combination arm, grade 3 or higher adverse events (AEs) included neutropenia (23.9%), hypokalemia (10.2%), anemia (8.4%), fatigue (7.9%), thrombocytopenia (6.3%), and diarrhea. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) or pneumonitis was reported in 12.1% of patients in the T-DXd/pertuzumab arm. The FDA’s prescribing information highlights warnings and precautions for neutropenia and left ventricular dysfunction; ILD/pneumonitis is a well‑recognized, potentially fatal toxicity with T‑DXd observed across trials and requires early detection and management.
Practical implications for monitoring and management
Clinicians adopting T-DXd/pertuzumab should implement the following measures:
- Baseline and periodic assessment of pulmonary symptoms and imaging when clinically indicated, with a low threshold for evaluation of new cough, dyspnea, or fever due to the risk of ILD/pneumonitis.
- Regular complete blood counts to monitor for neutropenia and anemia, and proactive supportive care (growth factor use per guidelines where appropriate) for severe neutropenia.
- Cardiac monitoring with baseline and interval left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) assessments, given the historic cardiotoxicity risk seen with HER2‑targeted agents and the prescribing information warnings.
- Education of patients about symptom reporting and the logistics of IV infusions, since T-DXd requires in‑clinic administration and monitoring.
Maintenance strategy: a new question for practice
One immediate clinical question is whether and how to de‑escalate therapy after disease control is achieved. With THP, a common strategy is an induction phase that includes taxane chemotherapy plus trastuzumab and pertuzumab, followed by maintenance trastuzumab and pertuzumab alone to reduce cumulative chemotherapy toxicity. T‑DXd introduces a cytotoxic payload as part of the targeted agent; its continuous use raises concerns about long‑term toxicities, particularly ILD and myelosuppression, and about feasibility given the need for IV infusions and monitoring.
Breast oncology opinion leaders have predicted that many clinicians will seek maintenance approaches after initial disease control on T‑DXd/pertuzumab. Possible strategies that warrant formal study include: switching to dual antibody maintenance (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) after a defined induction period with T‑DXd/pertuzumab; continuing T‑DXd at extended intervals or lower doses; or individualizing maintenance according to depth and duration of response. These approaches have not been tested prospectively in DB09 and should be evaluated in future randomized studies or captured in real‑world registries.
Regulatory and diagnostic considerations
The FDA approval includes two companion diagnostic tests for HER2 status: Roche’s PATHWAY anti‑HER‑2/neu (4B5) IHC and the VENTANA HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail. Using validated assays to define HER2 positivity is essential to identify patients who are candidates for T‑DXd/pertuzumab. The approval extends the indication for T‑DXd from the previously restricted second‑line setting to the first‑line setting for unresectable or metastatic disease, aligning treatment options across the continuum of HER2‑directed therapy.
Expert commentary and limitations
Erika Hamilton, MD, highlighted practical concerns: the IV delivery and monitoring needs for T‑DXd make indefinite continuous dosing burdensome, and clinicians will want alternative maintenance paradigms. Another limitation is that overall survival data remain immature; PFS is a robust surrogate but OS confirmation will solidify the long‑term benefit and cost‑effectiveness calculus. Additionally, the T‑DXd monotherapy arm’s results are still blinded; whether pertuzumab adds incremental benefit when combined with T‑DXd will be clarified as more data mature.
From a mechanistic perspective, the clinical potency of T‑DXd likely reflects a combination of precise HER2 targeting, a high drug‑antibody ratio, membrane permeability of the payload allowing bystander effect, and a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor payload. These features may underpin the regimen’s ability to induce deep and durable responses but also contribute to systemic toxicities, including pulmonary injury and myelosuppression.
Clinical decision points and practical guidance
When considering first‑line T‑DXd/pertuzumab for a patient with newly diagnosed metastatic HER2‑positive breast cancer, clinicians should assess:
- HER2 status confirmed with an FDA‑approved companion assay.
- Baseline pulmonary status and comorbidities that increase ILD risk.
- Cardiac function and prior exposure to anthracyclines or prior HER2 therapy in the early‑stage setting.
- Patient preferences regarding infusion visits versus an intravenous chemotherapy backbone, and willingness to accept potential risks of ILD and myelosuppression.
Recommended dosing per the prescribing information (as reported): cycle 1, day 1 T‑DXd 5.4 mg/kg IV followed by pertuzumab 840 mg IV; subsequent cycles T‑DXd 5.4 mg/kg with pertuzumab 420 mg IV every 3 weeks. Dose modifications for toxicity and established ILD management algorithms should be followed rigorously.
Conclusion: Impact and remaining gaps
The FDA approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan plus pertuzumab for first‑line unresectable or metastatic HER2‑positive breast cancer represents a major shift in treatment, driven by a large PFS benefit in DESTINY‑Breast09. The approval expands ADC use into the front line and promises longer disease control for many patients. However, important practical and clinical questions remain: how best to sequence or de‑escalate therapy to minimize long‑term toxicities, how to detect and manage ILD effectively, and whether OS benefits will mirror the PFS advantage. Prospective studies and real‑world evidence will be needed to define optimal maintenance strategies, refine patient selection, and standardize monitoring protocols to maximize benefit while minimizing harm.
Funding and clinicaltrials.gov
The DESTINY‑Breast09 trial was sponsored by Daiichi Sankyo and AstraZeneca. The FDA approval and related prescribing information were issued following the interim analysis reported publicly. For trial registration and protocol details, clinicians and researchers should consult the DESTINY‑Breast09 registration on clinicaltrials.gov (search term “DESTINY‑Breast09” or the trial title) for the specific identifier and updates, as the identifier is not provided here.
References
1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves trastuzumab deruxtecan in combination with pertuzumab for first‑line unresectable or metastatic HER2‑positive breast cancer. FDA press release. (Referenced in source material.)
2. DESTINY‑Breast09 Investigators. DESTINY‑Breast09 (DB09) trial results presented at the 2024 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting; subsequently published in The New England Journal of Medicine, October 2024. (As reported in source material.)
3. Prescribing information: Enhertu (trastuzumab deruxtecan). Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca — safety warnings for ILD/pneumonitis, neutropenia, and left ventricular dysfunction (refer to the official product label for full details).
4. Expert commentary cited from Erika Hamilton, MD, Sarah Cannon Research Institute, as reported in Medscape Medical News and at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium (source material).
Note: References reflect items cited in the source content provided. Clinicians should consult the original peer‑reviewed publications, FDA documents, and the product label for complete details and the most current guidance.
