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Cellular Adhesion Molecules as Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Insights in Chronic Heart Failure: Integrative Review Emphasizing DAPA-HF Findings
Elevated VCAM-1 levels correlate with worse outcomes in chronic HFrEF, independent of conventional markers; dapagliflozin’s benefits are consistent across VCAM-1 levels, highlighting inflammatory pathways as therapeutic targets.