Highlights
- The 2023 CMS reimbursement reform for ventral hernia repair led to a significant 7% reduction in total episode spending, primarily driven by a 20% decrease in professional reimbursements.
- Removal of postoperative global periods for hernia repair has shifted the financial landscape, reducing patient out-of-pocket costs by 10% compared to unaffected procedures.
- Statewide surgical collaboratives, such as the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC), demonstrate the power of multidisciplinary case reviews in reducing variation in colorectal cancer care.
- Quality improvement in colorectal surgery is increasingly dependent on qualitative narrative analysis of surgical margins and process adherence rather than purely quantitative metrics.
Background
The landscape of modern surgery is increasingly defined by the dual pressures of economic sustainability and clinical excellence. As healthcare systems transition toward value-based care, two primary levers are being utilized to influence outcomes: federal reimbursement policy and regional quality improvement collaboratives. The U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) frequently adjusts reimbursement structures to reflect the evolving complexity of procedures and the post-operative care required. Simultaneously, surgeon-led collaboratives are addressing the significant variation in performance observed across different hospital systems.
In 2023, CMS implemented a landmark change in how abdominal wall hernia repairs are billed, most notably through the removal of postoperative global periods. This policy reflects a broader trend of unbundling surgical services, a move that has significant implications for surgeon compensation, facility revenue, and patient financial responsibility. In a parallel effort to enhance clinical quality, organizations like the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) have focused on specific high-stakes oncologic procedures, such as colorectal cancer (CRC) resections, to identify and mitigate factors leading to suboptimal outcomes like positive surgical margins. Understanding the intersection of these policy-driven economic shifts and data-driven quality initiatives is essential for clinicians and administrators alike.
Key Content
Economic Implications of CMS Ventral Hernia Billing Reform
The January 2023 CMS policy reform represented a fundamental shift in the reimbursement architecture for ventral hernia repairs. Prior to this reform, these procedures were typically covered under a global surgical package that included preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care. The removal of these global periods was intended to increase transparency and potentially reduce overpayment for postoperative care that may not always occur. However, the ripple effects on commercial insurance payments remained an area of concern for surgical practices.
A recent retrospective cohort study using national insurance claims data (Merative MarketScan) from January 2022 to October 2023 provides critical insights into this shift. The study, involving over 58,000 surgical episodes, utilized a difference-in-differences approach with inguinal hernia repair as the control group (since inguinal repairs were not subject to the same reform). The findings revealed a substantial decrease in spending:
- Total Episode Spending: There was a relative reduction of 7% (-$492) per episode for ventral hernia repairs compared to the control group.
- Professional Fees: The most dramatic change was observed in professional reimbursements, which saw a 20% relative reduction (-$198). This suggests that the unbundling of services directly impacted surgeon compensation for the procedure itself.
- Facility Reimbursements: While facility fees saw a nominal absolute increase, they actually represented a 4.6% relative decrease when compared to the growth trends in inguinal hernia repairs.
- Patient Impact: Favorably, patient out-of-pocket costs decreased by 10% (-$83) relative to the control group, suggesting that billing reform may alleviate some financial burden for the insured population.
Interestingly, the study noted that while 52.3% of ventral hernia cases had at least one related postoperative visit within 90 days, the removal of the global period did not lead to a surge in component separation procedures or other billable complexities to offset the lost revenue. This indicates that the policy achieved its goal of reducing total expenditure, though at the cost of professional reimbursement.
Quality Improvement in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
While CMS reforms address the “cost” side of the value equation, surgical collaboratives address the “quality” side. The Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative (MSQC) initiated a dedicated quality improvement project for colorectal cancer starting in 2014, responding to data that showed significant performance variation across the state. Between 2021 and 2022, the collaborative intensified its focus on multidisciplinary case reviews and the analysis of positive surgical margins—a critical indicator of oncologic success.
The MSQC methodology combines quantitative data collection with qualitative narrative reports. This dual approach allows hospitals to not only see *where* they fall short but *why*. Key findings from the 2021-2022 period highlight several themes:
- Process Adherence: Participation in the collaborative led to improved adherence to evidence-based process measures, such as lymph node yield and appropriate preoperative staging.
- The Power of Narratives: Qualitative analysis of cases with positive margins revealed recurrent themes related to tumor biology, surgical technique, and preoperative imaging interpretation. By discussing these narratives in a multidisciplinary setting, hospitals were able to refine their surgical strategies.
- Reducing Variation: The use of Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests confirmed that hospitals actively participating in the collaborative saw a reduction in the variability of their performance, moving closer to statewide benchmarks.
Expert Commentary
The intersection of the CMS billing reform and the MSQC quality initiative highlights a complex tension in modern surgical practice. On one hand, the CMS reform demonstrates that policy changes can effectively lower healthcare spending, but this often comes out of the professional fee component. As Chhabra et al. (2026) noted, a 20% reduction in professional reimbursements for a common procedure like ventral hernia repair could have significant implications for the financial viability of general surgery practices, particularly those in independent or small-group settings.
There is also a concern regarding the “unintended consequences” of unbundling. If postoperative visits are no longer covered in a global fee, there is a theoretical risk that patients may avoid necessary follow-up care to save on co-pays, or conversely, that providers might increase the volume of visits to recoup lost revenue. The fact that only 52% of patients had a postoperative visit suggests that the “90-day global period” may have been overvaluing the actual care delivered in many routine cases, justifying the CMS decision from a policy standpoint.
From a clinical quality perspective, the MSQC data reinforces the idea that data alone is insufficient for improvement. The transition from simple data reporting to multidisciplinary case review represents a maturation of the quality improvement movement. In colorectal surgery, a positive margin is often the result of a complex interplay between surgical decision-making and disease pathology. The collaborative model allows for a “no-blame” culture where these events can be dissected to improve future performance.
Conclusion
The evolution of abdominal surgery is currently being shaped by rigorous financial restructuring and regional quality mandates. The 2023 CMS reform successfully reduced per-episode spending for ventral hernia repairs, primarily through the reduction of professional fees, while simultaneously lowering patient costs. However, the long-term impact on surgeon satisfaction and practice sustainability remains to be seen. In parallel, the success of the Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative in colorectal cancer care suggests that the path to better outcomes lies in the integration of quantitative benchmarks with qualitative, multidisciplinary peer review. Moving forward, surgical leaders must advocate for reimbursement models that recognize the value of both the technical procedure and the cognitive work of postoperative management, while continuing to engage in collaboratives that drive clinical excellence.
References
- Chhabra KR, Holler E, Parikh M, Telem D, Yuce TK. Changes in Commercial Payments Following Ventral Hernia Billing Reform. JAMA surgery. 2026-03-11. PMID: 41811327.
- Michigan Surgical Quality Collaborative. Colorectal cancer quality improvement in a statewide surgical collaborative. Project Report 2021-2022.
