Highlights
The study highlights several critical gaps in the management of dyslipidemia among young adults in the United States. Key findings include:
- Only 28.4% of young adults with LDL-C levels ≥190 mg/dL initiated a statin within one year of their first elevated measurement.
- Even among high-risk subgroups, such as those with an LDL-C of 160-189 mg/dL and a high 30-year ASCVD risk, statin initiation rates remained suboptimal at 25.3% within one year.
- There was a significant downward trend in clinical action; follow-up LDL-C testing and statin initiation rates declined between 2008 and 2018.
- Long-term follow-up showed that even after five years, fewer than half of the patients with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL had started statin therapy.
Background: The Silent Burden of Early Dyslipidemia
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a cumulative process that often begins in early adulthood. Current epidemiological data indicates that more than 50% of U.S. young adults (aged 18 to 39 years) have low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels of 100 mg/dL or higher. Despite this high prevalence, young adults are significantly less likely to be aware of their cholesterol status or to receive appropriate management compared to their older counterparts. This lack of intervention is particularly concerning because the duration of exposure to elevated LDL-C—often referred to as ‘cholesterol-years’—is a primary driver of lifetime cardiovascular risk. Addressing lipid elevations in the third and fourth decades of life represents a critical ‘window of vulnerability’ where aggressive management can significantly alter the trajectory of vascular aging and prevent premature myocardial infarction or stroke.
Study Design and Population
This longitudinal cohort study utilized electronic health records from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) health care system. The researchers identified 771,681 members aged 18 to 39 years who had their first (index) elevated LDL-C measurement (≥100 mg/dL) between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2020. The primary objectives were to examine patterns of follow-up LDL-C testing and statin initiation within 1, 2, and 5 years following the index measurement. The study stratified the population based on index LDL-C levels: 100–129 mg/dL, 130–159 mg/dL, 160–189 mg/dL, and ≥190 mg/dL. Furthermore, the researchers analyzed temporal trends from 2008 to 2018, focusing on high-risk subgroups: those with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL (a threshold often suggestive of familial hypercholesterolemia) and those with LDL-C 160–189 mg/dL combined with a high estimated 30-year ASCVD risk.
Key Findings: A Persistent Gap in Clinical Action
The results of the study underscore a profound disconnect between clinical guidelines and real-world practice for young adults. Among the total cohort of 771,681 individuals, the majority (65.9%) had an index LDL-C in the 100–129 mg/dL range, while 1.9% presented with levels ≥190 mg/dL. For the highest-risk group (LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL), only 28.4% initiated a statin within the first year. This figure rose modestly to 33.5% at two years and reached 45.7% by five years. This means that more than half of the patients with severely elevated LDL-C remained untreated five years after the initial discovery of their condition.
In the subgroup of young adults with LDL-C levels between 160 and 189 mg/dL and a high 30-year ASCVD risk, the rates of statin initiation were similarly low: 25.3% at one year, 31.9% at two years, and 46.4% at five years. Interestingly, the study noted that among those with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL who also had a high 30-year risk profile, initiation rates were slightly higher (44.1% at one year and 61.5% at five years), yet still fell short of the comprehensive coverage required for secondary or primary prevention in high-risk phenotypes.
Temporal Trends: A Decline in Proactive Management
Perhaps the most alarming finding was the downward trend in both follow-up testing and treatment initiation over the study period. Between 2008 and 2018, follow-up LDL-C testing within one year declined from 52.5% to 35.4% among those with LDL-C 160–189 mg/dL and a high 30-year risk. Statin initiation followed a similar trajectory. For those with LDL-C ≥190 mg/dL, initiation within one year dropped from 36.5% in 2008 to just 12.6% in 2018. For the high-risk subgroup with LDL-C 160–189 mg/dL, the initiation rate fell from 31.7% to 20.1% over the same decade. This decline suggests that despite increasing evidence regarding the benefits of early lipid lowering, clinical inertia or changes in healthcare delivery models may be hindering the management of young adults.
Expert Commentary: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Implications
The findings published by Harrison et al. reflect a significant public health challenge. From a mechanistic standpoint, the ‘legacy effect’ of early statin treatment is well-documented; lowering LDL-C early in life can produce a disproportionately large reduction in cardiovascular events later in life compared to starting treatment in older age. However, clinicians often rely on 10-year ASCVD risk calculators, which naturally yield low scores for young adults due to the heavy weighting of age. This can lead to a false sense of security for both the provider and the patient.
The shift toward using 30-year or lifetime risk assessments is intended to combat this bias, yet this study suggests that even when risk is identified, action is not consistently taken. Possible reasons for the declining trends include an increased focus on lifestyle modification without adequate follow-up to ensure success, concerns regarding long-term statin safety in young populations (despite robust evidence of safety), and fragmented care transitions. Furthermore, the decline in follow-up testing suggests that the initial elevated result is often treated as an isolated incident rather than the start of a chronic management pathway.
Conclusion: Moving Toward Proactive Prevention
The study concludes that the current management of elevated LDL-C in young adults is characterized by significant care gaps and missed opportunities. The declining rates of testing and treatment between 2008 and 2018 are particularly concerning and warrant immediate attention from the medical community and health policy experts. To improve outcomes, healthcare systems should consider automated reminders for follow-up testing, improved integration of lifetime risk calculators into electronic health records, and enhanced patient education regarding the importance of cumulative LDL-C exposure. Addressing these gaps is essential to reduce the burden of premature ASCVD and to protect the cardiovascular health of the younger generation during their most critical window of vulnerability.
References
Harrison TN, Zhang Y, Choi SK, et al. Follow-Up Lipid Testing and Statin Initiation Among Young Adults in a U.S. Health Care System. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Nov 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.10.052. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41384892.
