Highlight
• The BRUIN randomized comparison (Woyach et al., J Clin Oncol 2025) is the first head‑to‑head trial of a noncovalent BTK inhibitor (pirtobrutinib) versus a covalent BTKi (ibrutinib) in BTKi‑naïve CLL/SLL.
• Pirtobrutinib met the preplanned noninferiority margin for IRC‑assessed overall response rate (ORR) in both the intention‑to‑treat (ITT) population and the relapsed/refractory (R/R) cohort, with numerically higher ORR across subgroups.
• Investigator‑assessed progression‑free survival (PFS) favored pirtobrutinib (notably in treatment‑naïve patients), and rates of atrial fibrillation/flutter and hypertension were lower with pirtobrutinib.
Background
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and its tissue‑predominant counterpart, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), are commonly driven by B‑cell receptor signaling. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors transformed the therapeutic landscape for CLL/SLL by targeting this pathway. Ibrutinib, the prototypical covalent BTK inhibitor, demonstrated durable responses and survival benefit and has been widely adopted for both relapsed and frontline disease. However, covalent BTK inhibitors are associated with off‑target toxicities (notably atrial fibrillation and hypertension) and resistance mechanisms—most prominently point mutations at BTK C481 that impair covalent binding.
Pirtobrutinib is a highly selective, orally available, noncovalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor designed to inhibit both wild‑type BTK and common resistance mutants (including C481S). Prior single‑arm data indicated activity of pirtobrutinib in patients previously treated with covalent BTK inhibitors and suggested a favorable tolerability profile. Until now, there has been no randomized head‑to‑head comparison of a noncovalent BTKi against a covalent agent in BTKi‑naïve patients, leaving uncertainty about relative efficacy and safety in earlier lines of therapy.
Study design
Woyach and colleagues conducted a global, randomized, open‑label trial enrolling 662 BTKi‑naïve patients with CLL/SLL. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive pirtobrutinib or ibrutinib. The study included both treatment‑naïve (TN) and relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients, with the primary endpoints prespecified as overall response rate (ORR) by independent review committee (IRC) in the intention‑to‑treat (ITT) population and in the R/R cohort. Secondary endpoints included investigator‑assessed progression‑free survival (PFS), additional efficacy measures, and safety outcomes. All randomized patients formed the ITT cohort for the primary analysis.
Key findings
This trial met its primary endpoints and provides clinically relevant comparative data.
Overall response rate (IRC‑assessed)
In the ITT population, IRC‑assessed ORR was 87.0% (95% CI, 82.9 to 90.4) with pirtobrutinib versus 78.5% (95% CI, 73.7 to 82.9) with ibrutinib. The ORR ratio was 1.11 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.19), and the two‑sided P value was < .0001 for noninferiority. In the prespecified R/R subgroup (n = 437), IRC‑ORR was 84.0% (95% CI, 78.5 to 88.6) for pirtobrutinib versus 74.8% (95% CI, 68.5 to 80.4) for ibrutinib (ORR ratio = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.24; two‑sided P < .0001).
In treatment‑naïve patients (n = 225), IRC‑ORR was 92.9% (95% CI, 86.4 to 96.9) with pirtobrutinib versus 85.8% (95% CI, 78.0 to 91.7) with ibrutinib, indicating robust activity in both agents but numerically favoring pirtobrutinib.
Progression‑free survival
Investigator‑assessed PFS favored pirtobrutinib across analyzed populations. Reported hazard ratios were:
- ITT: HR 0.57 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.83)
- R/R: HR 0.73 (95% CI, 0.47 to 1.13)
- TN: HR 0.24 (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.59)
These PFS results suggest an early advantage for pirtobrutinib—most striking in the frontline (TN) cohort—though longer follow‑up is required to determine the durability and statistical robustness of these differences.
Safety and tolerability
Safety analyses showed a favorable cardiac profile for pirtobrutinib compared with ibrutinib. Notably, rates of atrial fibrillation/flutter and hypertension were lower with pirtobrutinib. The authors emphasize low rates of these class‑defining cardiac adverse events on the pirtobrutinib arm. Investigator‑assessed adverse event profiles otherwise were consistent with the known tolerability of BTK inhibitors; the report did not indicate unexpected toxicities with pirtobrutinib in the trial population.
Consistency of assessments
Investigator‑assessed ORR results were consistent with IRC determinations, supporting the reliability of the efficacy signal.
Clinical interpretation
These data mark an important inflection point in CLL therapeutics. Demonstration of noninferior—and numerically superior—response rates alongside an early PFS advantage positions pirtobrutinib as a credible alternative to ibrutinib for BTKi‑naïve patients. The mechanistic rationale supports this: as a reversible, highly selective BTK inhibitor, pirtobrutinib maintains activity against common covalent‑BTKi resistance mutations (e.g., C481S) and may avoid some off‑target kinase interactions implicated in atrial arrhythmias and blood pressure elevations.
The more pronounced PFS benefit in TN patients is intriguing and may reflect multiple factors: intrinsic disease biology in frontline patients, fewer competing resistance mechanisms, or differences in tolerability leading to greater continuous drug exposure. However, the follow‑up at the time of reporting remains relatively early, and durability of benefit and overall survival differences require longer observation.
Expert commentary and limitations
The trial’s strengths include its randomized design, large sample size, inclusion of both TN and R/R patients, and IRC assessment of responses. However, several limitations should be considered:
- Open‑label design: investigators and patients were aware of assigned treatment, which can influence reporting of subjective adverse events and investigator‑based endpoints, though the IRC‑assessed ORR helps mitigate bias for the primary endpoint.
- Follow‑up duration: PFS and long‑term safety conclusions remain preliminary until maturation of event data and extended observation for late toxicities (e.g., secondary malignancies, cumulative cardiovascular events) and long‑term tolerability.
- Subgroup detail: the report provides overall subgroup summaries but detailed molecular subgroup analyses (e.g., del(17p), TP53 mutation, IGHV status) and their interaction with treatment outcomes will be critical to guide individualized therapy decisions and should be reported with longer follow‑up.
- Comparative dosing and management strategies: differences in dose interruptions, supportive care, and management of adverse events can impact outcomes; granular data on these management strategies will enhance interpretation.
In mechanistic terms, reversible BTK inhibition offers theoretical advantages in circumventing C481 mutation‑mediated resistance and potentially reducing off‑target effects, but real‑world comparative toxicity and resistance evolution patterns will need to be characterized outside clinical trial settings.
Implications for practice
For clinicians treating CLL/SLL, these results suggest pirtobrutinib is a viable frontline and later‑line option compared with ibrutinib, with similar or improved efficacy and a more favorable cardiac safety profile. Patient selection will remain individualized: patients with preexisting atrial fibrillation, uncontrolled hypertension, or other cardiovascular comorbidities may preferentially benefit from a BTKi with lower cardiac AE rates. Conversely, long‑term comparative data and access considerations (regulatory approvals, cost, formulary availability) will influence adoption.
Conclusion
Woyach et al. report the first randomized head‑to‑head comparison of a noncovalent BTK inhibitor (pirtobrutinib) and a covalent BTKi (ibrutinib) in BTKi‑naïve CLL/SLL. Pirtobrutinib achieved noninferior IRC‑assessed ORR in both the ITT and R/R populations, demonstrated a favorable early PFS trend—most pronounced in treatment‑naïve patients—and exhibited lower rates of atrial fibrillation/flutter and hypertension. These findings support pirtobrutinib as a promising therapeutic option that may shift the BTKi landscape, but long‑term efficacy, durability, and comprehensive safety data will be essential to fully define its role.
Funding and clinicaltrials.gov
The manuscript reports the trial funded and led by the sponsor(s) listed in the original publication (Woyach JA et al., J Clin Oncol. 2025). Readers should consult the published article for specific funding disclosures. The trial registration identifier is provided in the primary report (refer to Woyach et al., J Clin Oncol. 2025 Dec 7: JCO2502477).
References
1. Woyach JA, Qiu L, Grosicki S, et al. Pirtobrutinib Versus Ibrutinib in Treatment‑Naïve and Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2025 Dec 7: JCO2502477. doi: 10.1200/JCO-25-02477. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41353787.
2. Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus Ofatumumab in Previously Treated Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:213-223. (Foundational trial establishing efficacy of ibrutinib in relapsed CLL.)
3. Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018;131(25):2745-2760.
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A modern clinical research conceptual image: two pills (one blue, one red) placed on top of a clinical trial consent form, with a stethoscope and a molecular model of a kinase protein in the blurred background; cool clinical tones, soft lighting, and a subtle hospital corridor in the distance to convey translational medicine and cardiotoxicity concerns.
