Introduction
The management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has undergone a significant paradigm shift over the last two decades. While neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) remains a cornerstone of treatment, clinicians continue to seek strategies that enhance pathologic complete response (pCR) rates and long-term survival without introducing prohibitive toxicity. The CinClare trial represents a landmark effort in this domain, investigating whether the addition of irinotecan to a capecitabine-based neoadjuvant regimen—tailored to the patient’s genetic profile—can improve oncologic outcomes. This 5-year update provides critical evidence for the sustained benefits of this personalized approach.
Highlights
The 5-year follow-up of the CinClare trial offers several key insights into the precision management of LARC:
- The addition of irinotecan to neoadjuvant CRT (CapIriRT) resulted in numerically and statistically superior long-term survival outcomes compared to standard capecitabine-based CRT (CapRT).
- Personalized irinotecan dosing based on UGT1A1 genotype significantly optimizes the therapeutic index, particularly for patients with the *1/*1 wild-type genotype.
- The achievement of a pathologic complete response (pCR) remains one of the strongest predictors of overall survival and disease-free survival.
- The study supports the routine integration of genomic testing into the preoperative treatment planning for rectal cancer.
The Clinical Rationale for Treatment Intensification
Standard neoadjuvant CRT typically utilizes a fluoropyrimidine (capecitabine or 5-fluorouracil) as a radiosensitizer. While effective for local control, many patients still succumb to distant metastasis. Intensifying the neoadjuvant phase by adding agents like irinotecan or oxaliplatin has been a subject of intense investigation. Irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, has shown significant activity in colorectal cancer, but its use in the neoadjuvant setting has historically been limited by concerns regarding gastrointestinal toxicity and neutropenia.
The CinClare trial addressed these concerns by utilizing UGT1A1 genotype-guided dosing. The UGT1A1 enzyme is responsible for the glucuronidation (detoxification) of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Patients with specific polymorphisms, such as UGT1A1*28, have reduced enzyme activity, leading to increased toxicity. By adjusting the dose based on this genotype, the investigators hypothesized they could maximize efficacy while maintaining safety.
Study Design and Methodology
The CinClare trial was a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase III study. Between 2015 and 2017, 360 patients with LARC (cT3-4 or N+ disease) were enrolled and randomized 1:1 into two arms:
CapIriRT Arm
Patients received pelvic radiation (50 Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice daily) and weekly irinotecan. The dose of irinotecan was determined by UGT1A1 status: 80 mg/m2 for those with the *1/*1 genotype and 65 mg/m2 for those with the *1/*28 genotype. This was followed by one cycle of consolidation chemotherapy consisting of irinotecan and capecitabine before TME surgery.
CapRT Arm
Patients received standard pelvic radiation with concurrent capecitabine, followed by one cycle of consolidation chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine (CAPOX) prior to surgery.
The primary endpoint of the initial report was pCR rate, which was significantly higher in the CapIriRT group (33.1% vs. 13.9%). The current analysis focuses on 5-year long-term outcomes, including local control (LC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS).
Key Findings: Long-Term Survival and Control
With a median follow-up of 60 months, the 5-year results confirm that the initial gains in pCR translated into long-term clinical benefits. The CapIriRT group demonstrated superior outcomes across all major survival metrics.
Disease-Free and Overall Survival
The 5-year DFS rate was 77.7% in the CapIriRT group compared to 70.6% in the CapRT group. Using the restricted mean survival time (RMST) test, this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Similarly, the 5-year OS rate favored the intensified arm (82.9% vs. 76.1%), with a borderline statistical significance (P = 0.050). These findings suggest that the early eradication of micro-metastatic disease through intensified neoadjuvant therapy provides a durable survival advantage.
Local and Distant Control
The 5-year local control (LC) rates remained high in both groups, though numerically higher in the CapIriRT arm (95.6% vs. 93.9%). More importantly, the 5-year DMFS was notably improved in the CapIriRT group (83.9% vs. 77.9%), highlighting the systemic efficacy of the irinotecan-containing regimen during the critical preoperative window.
Subgroup Analysis: The Impact of UGT1A1 Genotype
One of the most significant findings of the CinClare update is the impact of the UGT1A1 genotype on treatment response. In the UGT1A1 *1/*1 population (wild-type), the benefits of CapIriRT were even more pronounced. These patients achieved significantly improved 5-year rates of DMFS, DFS, and OS compared to their counterparts in the CapRT arm (all P < 0.05). This suggests that for patients who can metabolize irinotecan efficiently, the higher dose of 80 mg/m2 provides a potent therapeutic effect that substantially alters the course of the disease.
The Prognostic Value of pCR
The trial also reaffirmed that achieving a pCR is a major prognostic milestone. Patients who achieved pCR, regardless of the treatment arm, had significantly longer DFS and OS compared to non-pCR patients. This underscores the validity of pCR as a surrogate endpoint for long-term survival in rectal cancer trials and its importance in clinical decision-making, such as considering ‘watch and wait’ strategies for select patients.
Expert Commentary and Clinical Implications
The 5-year update of the CinClare trial provides robust evidence for the integration of personalized medicine into the surgical oncology workflow. Traditionally, neoadjuvant intensification has been met with skepticism due to the risk of increased surgical complications or toxicity that might delay definitive surgery. However, by using genomic guidance, the CinClare investigators demonstrated that intensification can be both safe and highly effective.
From a clinical perspective, these results suggest that UGT1A1 testing should be considered for patients with LARC being evaluated for neoadjuvant therapy. For those with the *1/*1 genotype, the addition of irinotecan to the CRT regimen offers a clear path to improving survival. While the *1/*28 group also showed benefits, the magnitude was less dramatic, perhaps reflecting the lower dose used to mitigate toxicity.
It is also important to view these results in the context of other total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) trials like RAPIDO and PRODIGE 23. While those trials focused on moving all chemotherapy to the preoperative setting, CinClare demonstrates that intensifying the radiation phase itself with a second cytotoxic agent can be equally transformative if guided by pharmacogenomics.
Conclusion
The CinClare trial 5-year update marks a significant advancement in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer. The study successfully demonstrates that a UGT1A1 genotype-guided neoadjuvant regimen featuring irinotecan and capecitabine provides superior long-term disease control and survival compared to standard therapy. These findings advocate for a more nuanced, personalized approach to rectal cancer treatment, where genomic testing informs dosing to optimize the balance between efficacy and safety. As oncology moves toward more tailored interventions, the CinClare protocol offers a proven framework for improving the lives of patients with LARC.
Funding and Trial Information
The CinClare trial was supported by various national research grants and institutional funds. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02605265.
References
Zhang Z, Sun X, Liu A, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Liu L, Jia J, Tan S, Wu J, Wang X, Zhou J, Yang J, Zhang C, Zhang H, He X, Cai G, Huang C, Xia F, Wan J, Zhang H, Shen L, Wang L, Zhang W, Cai S, Zhu J. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine and irinotecan guided by UGT1A1 status in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: 5-year update of the CinClare trial. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2025 Nov;45(11):1417-1430. doi: 10.1002/cac2.70058. Epub 2025 Sep 3. PMID: 40899645; PMCID: PMC12629858.
