Highlight
- Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 87 adults studied omega-3 PUFA supplementation for distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) in diabetes.
- Low-certainty evidence indicates little to no benefit in improving neuropathy symptoms or quality of life.
- Adverse events were comparable between omega-3 and placebo groups; no major safety concerns identified.
- Larger, longer trials are necessary to determine true efficacy and safety profile.
Background
Distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy (DSPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive sensory loss and, in some cases, motor impairment that often begins distally in the feet and toes. The pathophysiology involves complex metabolic and vascular factors, including chronic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and microvascular damage to peripheral nerves.
DSPN contributes significantly to morbidity in diabetes, predisposing patients to foot ulcerations, infections, and increased risk of amputation. Current treatment strategies focus on glycemic control and symptomatic relief, particularly pain management; however, no proven disease-modifying therapies exist.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential, observed in preclinical models via modulation of membrane fluidity, neurotransmission, and anti-oxidative properties. This has led to interest in their role as an adjuvant therapy in neuropathic conditions.
Study Design
This Cochrane systematic review synthesized data from randomized controlled trials assessing the potential benefits and harms of oral omega-3 PUFA supplementation in adults with DSPN due to diabetes.
- Population: Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, or impaired glucose tolerance, and confirmed evidence of DSPN.
- Intervention: Oral omega-3 PUFA supplements administered for at least 180 days.
- Comparator: Placebo or no treatment.
- Primary Outcome: Peripheral neuropathy impairment measured at six months.
- Secondary Outcomes: Peripheral neuropathy symptoms, pain, quality of life, adverse events, discontinuations, serious adverse events.
- Risk of Bias Assessment: Cochrane RoB 2 tool.
- Synthesis Method: Where possible, meta-analysis via inverse variance random-effects model; otherwise narrative synthesis.
Key Findings
Neuropathy Impairment
In one RCT involving 43 participants with type 1 diabetes, omega-3 PUFA supplementation for six months did not significantly reduce short-term risk of developing peripheral neuropathy impairment compared to placebo (Relative Risk [RR] 0.24, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.94; low-certainty evidence). This wide confidence interval reflects small sample size and underscores uncertainty.
Symptom Relief and Quality of Life
Low-certainty evidence from the same study suggested negligible differences in neuropathy symptoms (Mean Difference [MD] −0.17, 95% CI −1.36 to 1.02) and health-related quality of life (MD 0.02, 95% CI −0.06 to 0.10) between intervention and control groups.
Pain Outcomes
No included studies reported on pain, a crucial patient-centered outcome in DSPN management, representing a major evidence gap.
Safety Profile
Pooled data from two trials (78 participants) indicated similar risks between omega-3 PUFA and placebo groups for any adverse event (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.61; p = 0.88) and serious adverse events (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.85; p = 0.27; very low-certainty evidence). No events led to discontinuation of therapy, and no significant harm signals emerged, although evidence certainty was very low.
Expert Commentary
From a clinical standpoint, these findings suggest that omega-3 PUFA supplementation, as implemented in the reviewed trials, is unlikely to confer significant short-term benefits for adults with DSPN and diabetes. The lack of pain data is a critical omission given the functional and emotional burden of neuropathic pain. Furthermore, small sample sizes and relatively short follow-up periods limit generalizability and statistical power.
Mechanistically, while omega-3 fatty acids have plausible neuroprotective pathways—reducing inflammation and oxidative stress—translation into clinical benefit remains unproven in DSPN. Existing guidelines for DSPN focus on glucose control and pain management; they do not currently recommend omega-3 supplementation for neuropathy prevention or treatment outside of research settings.
Conclusion
The current body of evidence, comprising two small RCTs, indicates that omega-3 PUFA supplementation may have little to no impact on neuropathic impairment, symptoms, or quality of life in adults with DSPN due to diabetes. No major safety concerns have been identified, but evidence certainty is low. Large, well-powered, and longer-duration trials incorporating pain and functional outcomes are needed to establish or refute efficacy. Clinicians should be cautious in recommending omega-3 PUFA for DSPN management pending stronger evidence.
Funding and Registration
No dedicated funding was provided for the systematic review. Protocol registered via DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014623.
References
Britten-Jones AC, Linstrom TA, Makrai E, Singh S, Busija L, MacIsaac RJ, Roberts LJ, Downie LE. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for distal symmetrical peripheral neuropathy in adults with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Sep 24;9(9):CD014623. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD014623.pub2. PMID: 40990181; PMCID: PMC12458980.
