Highlight
The RESTORE trial establishes cognitive functional therapy (CFT) as an effective long-term treatment modality for chronic disabling low back pain, demonstrating significant improvements in pain-related activity limitation and pain intensity at 3 years. Both CFT alone and CFT combined with movement sensor biofeedback significantly outperformed usual care. The addition of biofeedback provided no statistically significant advantage over CFT alone. These findings underscore the potential for CFT to transform chronic low back pain management with sustainable benefits.
Study Background and Disease Burden
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) remains one of the most prevalent and disabling musculoskeletal conditions worldwide. It causes substantial physical limitation, diminished quality of life, and economic burden due to healthcare costs and lost productivity. Conventional interventions for CLBP often achieve only modest, short-lived improvements. Emerging evidence suggests that cognitive functional therapy (CFT), a patient-centered approach addressing cognitive, movement, and lifestyle factors, yields larger treatment effects up to 12 months. Yet, the sustainability of these benefits beyond one year was unclear prior to the RESTORE trial’s 3-year follow-up analysis.
Study Design
The RESTORE trial was a rigorous phase 3 randomized controlled study conducted across 20 primary care physiotherapy clinics in Australia. Adults ≥18 years with CLBP lasting over 3 months, exhibiting moderate pain-related physical activity limitation and average pain scores of at least 4 on a 0–10 numeric rating scale, were enrolled. A total of 492 eligible participants were randomized (1:1:1) to three arms: usual care, CFT only, or CFT combined with movement sensor biofeedback. The CFT intervention involved up to seven guided sessions over 12 weeks, supplemented by a booster session at 26 weeks, aiming to modify maladaptive beliefs, improve movement patterns and enhance physical function. The primary endpoint was pain-related physical activity limitation measured by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (0–24 scale) at 3 years. Secondary outcomes included numeric pain rating scale assessments. Blinding was not feasible for therapists and patients due to the nature of the intervention, but analysis was conducted on an intention-to-treat basis.
Key Findings
Among 1011 assessed individuals, 492 were randomized: 164 to CFT only, 163 to CFT plus biofeedback, and 165 to usual care. At 3 years, 312 participants provided outcome data (consistent follow-up rates across groups). Mean participant age was 48.1 years with a female predominance (60%).
Both CFT interventions significantly reduced pain-related activity limitation compared to usual care: mean difference for CFT only was –3.5 points (95% CI: –4.9 to –2.0) and for CFT with biofeedback was –4.1 points (95% CI: –5.6 to –2.6) on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire. The difference between CFT only and CFT plus biofeedback was small and not statistically significant (mean difference –0.6 points, 95% CI: –2.2 to 0.9).
Similarly, pain intensity scores were significantly lower in both CFT groups compared to usual care at 3 years. CFT only yielded a reduction of –1.0 points (95% CI: –1.6 to –0.5), and CFT with biofeedback yielded a reduction of –1.5 points (95% CI: –2.1 to –0.9) on the numeric pain rating scale. Differences between the two CFT groups were again not significant (–0.5 points, 95% CI: –1.1 to 0.1).
Notably, adverse event data were not collected at this extended follow-up; however, prior reports did not highlight safety concerns. These results demonstrate sustained, clinically meaningful improvements up to three years post-intervention.
Expert Commentary
The RESTORE trial’s findings advocate for the long-term efficacy of CFT in managing chronic disabling low back pain, shifting the paradigm from short-term symptomatic relief toward sustained functional improvement. The involvement of patients with lived experience in study design reinforces the patient-centered approach of CFT, addressing psychological and behavioral aspects integral to chronic pain.
While the addition of movement sensor biofeedback did not significantly enhance outcomes compared with CFT alone, it may offer individualized movement insights that help in selected cases. However, the resource implications and clinician training demands require consideration before widespread adoption.
Limitations include the lack of blinding and absence of adverse event data at 3 years, as well as the study being conducted within a single country’s healthcare framework, potentially affecting generalizability. Replication in diverse health systems and further exploration of mechanism by which CFT sustains benefit are warranted.
Conclusion
Cognitive functional therapy provides durable reduction in pain-related activity limitation and pain intensity in chronic low back pain over a 3-year period, outperforming usual care. These novel long-term benefits present an opportunity to markedly reduce the burden of chronic low back pain with broader implementation. Realizing this potential requires scaling up physiotherapist training to enhance intervention accessibility and corroborative trials in varied clinical settings.
References
Hancock, M., et al. Cognitive functional therapy with or without movement sensor biofeedback versus usual care for chronic, disabling low back pain (RESTORE): 3-year follow-up of a randomized, controlled trial. The Lancet Rheumatology.
