Highlight
- Smokers who quit in mid-to-late life show slower cognitive decline in memory and verbal fluency compared to continuing smokers.
- These cognitive benefits persist over a six-year follow-up period post-cessation, independent of age at quitting.
- Matching participants on demographic, socioeconomic, and cognitive factors strengthens the evidence that cessation alters cognitive trajectories.
- Findings suggest cognitive improvement as an additional motivational factor for older adults to quit smoking.
Study Background
Cognitive decline is a major health challenge in aging populations, associated with increased dependency, dementia risk, and healthcare costs. Smoking is a well-recognized modifiable risk factor linked to accelerated cognitive decline and dementia. While smoking cessation is known to reduce cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity, its impact on cognitive trajectories, particularly when quitting occurs in mid-to-late life, remains unclear. Some studies have observed short-term cognitive improvements shortly after cessation, but whether these benefits extend into the longer term has not been adequately studied. Moreover, older adults tend to have lower smoking cessation rates possibly due to doubts about benefits at advanced ages. Clarifying the longitudinal cognitive impact of smoking cessation in this demographic has important clinical and public health implications.
Study Design
This longitudinal analysis utilized data from three nationally representative prospective cohort studies across 12 countries, spanning 18 years (2002–2020). The study population included 9,436 individuals aged 40–89 years who smoked at baseline. Participants who quit smoking during follow-up (n=4,718) were matched 1:1 to continuing smokers on key demographic (age, sex), socioeconomic (education, wealth), and baseline cognitive variables, resulting in equal-sized groups for comparison.
Cognitive outcomes assessed included memory and verbal fluency — domains sensitive to aging and neurodegeneration. Piecewise linear mixed-effects models evaluated cognitive trajectories in the six years before and after smoking cessation among quitters, compared to matched continuing smokers over parallel time spans. Interaction analyses tested whether age at cessation modified these associations.
Key Findings
Before smoking cessation, cognitive decline rates for memory and fluency were similar between smokers who later quit and matched continuing smokers (memory decline difference: -0.03 standard deviations [SDs], 95% CI -0.06 to 0.01, p=0.16; fluency decline difference: -0.01 SDs, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.03, p=0.76). This demonstrates a well-balanced baseline cognitive trajectory and reduces confounding by indication.
During the six years after cessation, quitters exhibited a significantly slower decline in both memory and fluency compared to continuing smokers (memory decline difference: 0.05 SDs, 95% CI 0.00–0.10, p=0.036; fluency decline difference: 0.05 SDs, 95% CI 0.01–0.10, p=0.030). These results indicate a small but meaningful cognitive benefit that emerges and persists beyond short-term abstinence.
Importantly, the cognitive benefits of cessation did not significantly differ according to age at quitting (p>0.05), suggesting that even late cessation offers advantages. This finding challenges the misconception that cognitive recovery is limited to younger quitters.
Expert Commentary
The study’s strengths include robust matching and adjustment, large multinational sample size, and extended follow-up, enhancing generalizability and evidence quality. The use of repeated cognitive measures allowed detection of subtle trajectory changes rather than cross-sectional snapshots.
Limitations encompass residual confounding from unmeasured factors such as lifestyle changes post-cessation or medical comorbidities that may influence cognition. Also, cognitive improvements were modest, highlighting that smoking cessation is one component within broader dementia risk reduction strategies.
Biologically, smoking exacerbates oxidative stress, cerebrovascular pathology, and neuroinflammation — pathways implicated in cognitive decline. Cessation may mitigate these processes, supporting the plausibility of observed benefits.
Conclusion
This extensive longitudinal analysis confirms that cessation of smoking during middle to late adulthood is associated with slowed cognitive decline in memory and verbal fluency over subsequent years, regardless of age at quitting. These findings underscore the potential for cognitive preservation as an additional incentive to engage in smoking cessation, particularly among older adults who may be skeptical about benefits. Clinicians and public health practitioners should highlight cognitive advantages alongside traditional physical health benefits when counseling patients on smoking cessation. Further research should explore underlying mechanisms and evaluate interventions to maximize cognitive resilience after quitting.
Funding and Clinical Trials Information
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute for Health and Care Research. No clinical trial number applies as this was an observational cohort analysis.
References
Bloomberg M, Brown J, Di Gessa G, Bu F, Steptoe A. Cognitive decline before and after mid-to-late-life smoking cessation: a longitudinal analysis of prospective cohort studies from 12 countries. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2025 Sep;6(9):100753. doi: 10.1016/j.lanhl.2025.100753. Epub 2025 Oct 13. PMID: 41101323.
