Highlights
- Graphic health warnings (GHWs) on little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) significantly increase quitting intentions over FDA text-only warnings or no warnings.
- LCC GHW exposure leads to higher proportions of users foregoing and butting out LCCs, indicative of reduced consumption behavior.
- Current FDA text-only warnings on LCCs appear insufficient to influence behavioral change; enhanced graphic labeling aligns with global tobacco control best practices.
- The randomized clinical trial supports regulatory policies implementing prominent GHWs to reduce the public health burden of LCC use.
Background
Little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) are popular combustible tobacco products with significant use among adult tobacco consumers. Despite their prevalence, regulatory labeling for LCCs has lagged behind cigarette regulations, with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently mandating only small, text-only warnings on LCC packages. Tobacco packaging warnings serve as crucial communication tools to promote quitting behaviors by raising awareness of health risks. However, effects of graphic health warnings (GHWs) specific to LCCs on user behavior and quitting intentions have remained insufficiently studied.
The increasing public health importance of reducing LCC use necessitates rigorous clinical evidence to inform effective regulatory policies. This trial by Goldstein et al. (2025) is among the first large-scale randomized clinical trials evaluating the behavioral impact of LCC GHWs relative to existing text warnings and no-warning controls, providing critical insights into tobacco control strategies for these products.
Key Content
Study Design and Population
The study enrolled 1029 adult LCC users from an online Qualtrics panel reflecting a diverse demographic (mean age 43.9 years, 56.2% men), with most participants using both little cigars and cigarillos. Participants were randomized into three groups: exposure to six novel LCC GHWs, existing FDA text-only cigar warnings, or no stimulus control. The intervention was delivered over 3 weeks via repeated email exposures totaling 18 presentations of assigned warnings.
Outcomes Assessed
The primary outcome was postintervention quit intention measured on a 1-to-4 scale, capturing motivation to quit LCCs. Secondary behavioral outcomes included recent quit attempts, reduction in LCC use, and immediate behaviors such as choosing to forgo (not initiate use) or butt out (extinguish an already lit LCC) within the past week.
Findings
Participants exposed to LCC GHWs reported significantly higher quit intentions postintervention (mean 2.9) compared with FDA text-only warnings (mean 2.5) and controls (mean 2.6), with a highly significant effect (P 89%) across study arms, supporting the reliability of findings.
Context within Existing Evidence
Prior research on cigarette packaging has established that graphic warnings enhance risk perception and increase cessation attempts, leading to their requirement in many countries. However, tobacco product heterogeneity, including differences in product usage patterns and social perceptions of LCCs, warranted product-specific evidence. The current trial fills an important gap by demonstrating that GHWs similarly impact LCC user behaviors, despite historically limited regulatory attention.
Regulatory bodies, including the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), advocate for pictorial warnings as an effective strategy. The trial complements meta-analyses showing superior efficacy of graphic warnings over text-only labels for diverse tobacco products, extending this principle to LCCs.
Expert Commentary
This study robustly verifies the behavioral efficacy of graphic health warnings on LCC packages. The findings confirm that current text-only warnings mandated by the FDA are inadequate to drive meaningful quitting intentions and behaviors among this population. The magnitude of increased quit intentions aligns with established thresholds predictive of cessation success in tobacco behavioral science.
Mechanistically, GHWs likely operate by eliciting stronger emotional and cognitive engagement compared to text warnings alone, enhancing perceived susceptibility and severity of tobacco-related harms. The repeated daily exposures utilized in the trial reflect real-world packaging visibility and reinforce message retention.
Notably, the lack of significant difference in quit attempts compared to controls suggests that intentions may precede behavioral change, highlighting the temporal complexity of quitting processes. The study’s reliance on self-reported outcomes is an inherent limitation but expected in behavioral trials.
The policy implications are clear: incorporating GHWs on LCC packaging is an evidence-based intervention poised to reduce tobacco-related harm. It addresses the current regulatory gap and aligns with efforts to reduce health disparities associated with tobacco use.
Conclusion
This randomized clinical trial provides compelling evidence that graphic health warnings on little cigar and cigarillo products significantly elevate quit intentions and reduce harmful consumption behaviors compared to text-only warnings or no warnings. These findings advocate for urgent regulatory reforms mandating vivid GHWs on LCC packages to enhance tobacco control efforts and reduce the public health burden. Future research should investigate long-term cessation outcomes and explore optimal warning design to maximize impact.
References
- Goldstein AO, Jarman KL, Ranney LM, et al. Little Cigar and Cigarillo Graphic Health Warnings and Quitting Behaviors: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(8):e2526799. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.26799. PMID: 40815515; PMCID: PMC12357197.
- World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Guidelines for Implementation of Article 11: Packaging and Labelling of Tobacco Products. WHO; 2008.
- Hammond D. Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review. Tob Control. 2011;20(5):327-337. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.037630.
- Emery LF, Romer D, Sheerin KM, Jamieson KH, Peters E. Affective and Cognitive Mediators of the Impact of Cigarette Warning Labels. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(3):263-269. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu147.
